Peer-reviewed journal of the American Geophysical Union that publishes short research letters on earth and planetary science, including climate and geophysics.
Rong Huang's team tied magnetite crystal shape to oxygen across more than 200 modern seafloor samples and built an equation for absolute levels. The calibration comes from today's oceans, and the authors suggest it extends to hotter climates of the past.
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A Geophysical Research Letters study says buried wrinkles suggest Mercury may have shrunk 10 to 30 percent more than experts thought. Lead author Gaku Nishiyama says the larger contraction suggests a core that started extremely hot and is mostly metal.
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Jeebanjyoti Swain's team says several factors acting together likely opened the Breid Bay polynya, which peaked above 89,000 square kilometers. Earlier work on offshore polynyas has focused almost entirely on the Weddell Sea.
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University of Oulu models show the strongest Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at Earth's magnetic edge form in the winter hemisphere. So far the evidence comes from simulation.
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University of Tokyo researchers' 220-metre global atmosphere model removed the spurious 'popcorn' rain bursts that coarser storm-resolving models produce. The evidence is one eight-hour simulation of a 2016 day, enough to show a fix for one rain bias but short of showing better forecasts.
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Kiel and AWI researchers imaged a 580-cubic-kilometre sediment wedge off East Antarctica that records ice halting its retreat and advancing about 65 km. The authors link the stall partly to the seafloor itself, so ice-sheet models now have a site where simulated retreat has to pause and push back.
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Penn State researchers found Masaya's caldera sank then rose across six years of satellite radar, while its Santiago crater deflated throughout. The authors read that as two reservoirs behaving separately, something monitoring has to account for at a volcano within 21 km of 2 million people.
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Colin Gleason's team used NASA's SWOT satellite to check machine-learning river models and found serious errors in under 10% of reaches. Those errors cluster on dammed, arid and Arctic rivers, among the reaches that matter most for water resources.
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Emmanuel Guillerm's model attributes 1.5C of the Dead Sea's 2.8C deep-water warming from 1979 to 2019 to the lake's own falling level. Saltier brine cools itself less as it evaporates, so the same loop may help explain ancient salt beds that formed without an exceptionally hot climate.
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University of Washington researchers say NASA's SWOT satellite can measure water levels on more than 85% of 800,000 km of Asian irrigation canals. The mission was never designed for canals, so the map points to monitoring from hardware already in orbit, with its scores checked against US canal measurements.
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Duke's Sarah Cooley and colleagues measured a snow-and-ice cooling effect of -14.4 W/m2 over Northern Hemisphere lakes, against -8.2 over nearby land. Climate models often do not separate lakes from land, though the study as reported does not say how much that misstates the seasonal energy balance.
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NASA-led researchers mapped 1,943 valleys under Greenland's ice from faint bumps in satellite maps of its surface, about a third of them new. The map is meant to improve future versions of BedMachine Greenland, a high-resolution dataset of the terrain beneath the ice.
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Jha and Byrne varied the rate at which dry air mixes into convective plumes across ERA5 and CESM2, and found it significantly moves moist-heat extremes outside the tropics, which means a swept parameter sits underneath the wet-bulb projection.
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Tide researchers report that adding the springlike force of internal tides lets models match observed tides without simulating those waves directly. They say warming and stratification are already changing tides, though their account does not say by how much.
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Nanjing University modeling finds that expanding Gobi-area solar to almost 11 times its current footprint would cut springtime particulate concentrations across northern China by nearly 14%. Coarse dust rose to 65% of the country's airborne particulate pollution by 2023, from about 55% in 2013.
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Attribution science usually asks what two centuries of fossil fuel burning did to a heat wave. A Stanford group asked what the ten years since the Paris Agreement did, and found a measurable answer in Europe's worst recent heat.
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A Geophysical Research Letters paper compares coupled CMIP6 runs against atmosphere-only runs fed observed ocean temperatures, then adds the bias back and watches the jet move south again. Northwestern Pacific bias was particularly important.
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Elena Terzic and Ivica Vilibic compiled cruise and float measurements from 1950 to 2025 and found the Mediterranean's warming and salinification accelerating far below the surface layer, fastest of all in the deep Adriatic.
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Shortening structures turn up more often on smooth ground than on rough. Correcting for that detection bias raises Mercury's radial contraction from 8.3 to 11.6 kilometres, and the authors say even that is probably low.
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Mercury's lumpiest terrain carries the fewest shrinkage wrinkles, which the authors read as impact debris burying the record. Correct for that and total contraction rises to as much as 23 km, with the thermal models still to be redone.
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