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Research lab

Citizen Lab

Interdisciplinary research lab at the University of Toronto that investigates digital espionage, spyware, and surveillance threats to civil society.

Known aliases

  • Citizen Lab
  • Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto
  • The Citizen Lab
  • University of Toronto Citizen Lab
  • University of Toronto's Citizen Lab

Current stories

securityConfirmed14 publishers

Zero-click Candiru attacks on Al Jazeera devices ran through an ad vendor Google had approved

Citizen Lab said Discover-Tech's ads delivered zero-click Candiru attacks to at least 45 Al Jazeera devices. Google and IAB Europe have delisted the vendor, but Citizen Lab cannot yet attribute the attacks to any party.

Perspective Coverage

14 publishers
Builder
Builder 22%
Operator
Operator 51%
Investor
Investor 27%

Reality

Evidence78
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+15
Incentives35
Confidence76
productConfirmed15 publishers

Ads served by DiscoverTech delivered spyware to at least 45 Al Jazeera devices, Citizen Lab says

Citizen Lab says ads from Israeli firm DiscoverTech delivered no-click spyware to at least 45 Al Jazeera devices in 2024 and 2025. Wired reports that, by Citizen Lab's account, individuals can do little beyond blocking ads as thoroughly as possible.

Perspective Coverage

16 publishers
Builder
Builder 16%
Operator
Operator 69%
Investor
Investor 15%

Reality

Evidence72
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+15
Incentives
Not scored
Confidence74
securityOne report1 publisher

NSO held sole control of the Pegasus infection module in Poland, prosecutors say

Poland's National Prosecutor's Office says the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau, which ran Pegasus, lacked full control of a system NSO Group operated. Investigators say NSO had technical access to harvested data but cannot say whether it obtained specific material.

Publishers:therecord.media

Reality

Evidence55
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+30
Incentives60
Confidence55
productOne report1 publisher

Paragon relies on outsiders to catch misuse of its Graphite spyware

Paragon CEO Andrew Boyd says the spyware maker cannot see whom its customers target, and that halting updates leaves their systems ineffective in about 12 hours. Its promise to drop abusive customers therefore waits on outsiders finding the abuse first.

Publishers:wired.com

Reality

Evidence62
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+45
Incentives70
Confidence60
productOne report1 publisher

Paragon CEO Andrew Boyd says withholding updates is how the spyware maker cuts off abusers

Paragon CEO Andrew Boyd says the spyware maker can't see who customers target, and withheld updates leave a customer's system ineffective in about 12 hours. Its zero-tolerance misuse policy depends on outside researchers to find abuse before that slow cutoff comes into play.

Publishers:wired.com

Reality

Evidence55
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+45
Incentives65
Confidence55
securityConfirmed4 publishers

Apple's spyware alerts reached 110 countries, and they land on people, not fleets

Apple's latest mercenary spyware notifications went to users in 110 countries. The response checklist is per-person, and a standard MDM baseline covers almost none of it.

Perspective Coverage

4 publishers
Builder
Builder 16%
Operator
Operator 79%
Investor
Investor 5%

Reality

Evidence60
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+10
Incentives40
Confidence65
productConfirmed3 publishers

Apple's spyware notices reach 110 countries, and Lockdown Mode becomes a baseline control

Apple told TechCrunch it warned selected users across 110 countries on Thursday. For any org with journalists, diplomats or executives on iOS, the hardened profile is no longer an edge case.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 12%
Operator
Operator 75%
Investor
Investor 13%

Reality

Evidence58
Adoption
Not scored
Hype gap+10
Incentives50
Confidence68
securityConfirmed7 publishers

Apple threat notifications led one of twelve Serbians to a forensics lab that confirmed Pegasus infection

SHARE Foundation, Citizen Lab and Amnesty confirmed three infections among at least 14 Serbian targets around the March local elections, and the Android half of the wave was installed by hand during police custody.

Perspective Coverage

7 publishers
Builder
Builder 20%
Operator
Operator 66%
Investor
Investor 14%

Reality

Evidence72
Adoption30
Hype gap+15
Incentives45
Confidence70
securityConfirmed3 publishers

UNC3569 exploited a Sogou Input Method link handler to run code as the user

Gen Digital found the chain while working a live UNC3569 intrusion. Tencent's April 2026 fix closed the link handler and left the bundled Chromium 80 in place, with its sandbox still switched off in the code.

Perspective Coverage

3 publishers
Builder
Builder 40%
Operator
Operator 50%
Investor
Investor 10%

Reality

Evidence68
Adoption72
Hype gap+20
Incentives40
Confidence70
securityOne report1 publisher

Citizen Lab documents a 14-week fake-persona curriculum delivered to Angolan officials

Files obtained by the researchers show BlackCore grading more than 40 pieces of content produced by its trainees. The contractor's final report to the client claims deceptive Facebook posts approaching 50,000 likes in a country with six million active Facebook users.

Publishers:therecord.media

Reality

Evidence64
Adoption52
Hype gap+22
Incentives74
Confidence61
productOne report1 publisher

Google shipped a prompt box into the satellite tool investigators are trained on

The generative feature inside Google Earth lasted about a day before the outcry pulled it, but the verification checklists that name Google Earth as ground truth were written for a product nobody could prompt.

Publishers:restofworld.org

Reality

Evidence56
Adoption28
Hype gap+18
Incentives62
Confidence52
securityOne report1 publisher

Twenty-nine MEPs ask the Commission to slow Serbia's accession over Pegasus and NoviSpy findings

A letter signed Friday turns device forensics on Serbian student activists into an enlargement demand, though the signatory who spoke to CyberScoop says spyware will not be the deciding factor if Brussels moves.

Publishers:cyberscoop.com

Reality

Evidence58
Adoption22
Hype gap+32
Incentives68
Confidence55
buildOne report1 publisher

Three Russian clusters phish the grant, not the password, and MFA completion changes nothing

Google's threat intel group ties UNC6293, UNC7005 and UNC5976 to attacks on OAuth consent, app passwords, device codes and WhatsApp linking. The login succeeds; the token leaves anyway.

Publishers:dev.to

Reality

Evidence64
Adoption58
Hype gap+14
Incentives57
Confidence55
leadershipOne report1 publisher

Russia-linked crew keeps winning with app passwords and device codes

Google's threat group says UNC6293 gets targets to create the credential themselves. Detection content written against its lures ages in weeks. Switching the features off does not.

Publishers:cloud.google.com

Reality

Evidence72
Adoption45
Hype gap+5
Incentives62
Confidence58